How do Pteridophyta reproduce?

Pteridophyta, commonly known as ferns and their relatives, primarily reproduce through spores, which are indeed located on specialized structures called sporangia that often form clusters known as sori on the undersides of their leaves. This spore-based reproduction allows these plants to thrive in various environments and is one of the distinguishing features of this group.

The germination of spores leads to the development of a gametophyte, which is a small, heart-shaped plant that produces gametes for sexual reproduction. In contrast to seed-producing plants (which belong to the groups Gymnosperms and Angiosperms), Pteridophyta do not produce seeds or undergo bud formation as a means of reproduction.

Thus, when discussing how Pteridophyta reproduce, it is clear that the presence of spores is fundamental to their life cycle and reproductive strategy.