In the context of landscape design, what does "hardscape" refer to?

Hardscape refers to the non-plant elements in landscaping that are typically made from hard materials. This includes structures such as patios, walkways, retaining walls, decks, and other fixed installations. These elements provide structure and functionality to a landscape design and often contrast with the softscape, which includes living plant materials such as trees, shrubs, and flowers.

Recognizing hardscape as non-plant elements is crucial for landscape design, as it helps to establish the layout, flow, and overall aesthetic of the space. The choice to include hardscape features can also affect drainage, maintenance, and usability of the landscape.

Other choices focus on aspects that either relate to living components or specific features that don't encompass the broader definition of hardscape. Understanding the balance between hardscape and softscape is essential for creating a well-rounded and functional landscape.